Part One (Olden Days)

Trespassers 12.43 As against trespassers (who, in principle, must take other people's premises and their occupiers as they find them) †¦ Charles Arnold-Baker Local Council Administration, Seventh Edition I Pagford Parish Council was, for its size, an impressive force. It met once a month in a pretty Victorian church hall, and attempts to cut its budget, annex any of its powers or absorb it into some newfangled unitary authority had been strenuously and successfully resisted for decades. Of all the local councils under the higher authority of Yarvil District Council, Pagford prided itself on being the most obstreperous, the most vocal and the most independent. Until Sunday evening, it had comprised sixteen local men and women. As the town's electorate tended to assume that a wish to serve on the Parish Council implied competence to do so, all sixteen councillors had gained their seats unopposed. Yet this amicably appointed body was currently in a state of civil war. An issue that had been causing fury and resentment in Pagford for sixty-odd years had reached a definitive phase, and factions had rallied behind two charismatic leaders. To grasp fully the cause of the dispute it was necessary to comprehend the precise depth of Pagford's dislike and mistrust of the city of Yarvil, which lay to its north. Yarvil's shops, businesses, factories, and the South West General Hospital, provided the bulk of the employment in Pagford. The small town's youths generally spent their Saturday nights in Yarvil's cinemas and nightclubs. The city had a cathedral, several parks and two enormous shopping centres, and these things were pleasant enough to visit if you had sated yourself on Pagford's superior charms. Even so, to true Pagfordians, Yarvil was little more than a necessary evil. Their attitude was symbolized by the high hill, topped by Pargetter Abbey, which blocked Yarvil from Pagford's sight, and allowed the townspeople the happy illusion that the city was many miles further away than it truly was. II It so happened that Pargetter Hill also obscured from the town's view another place, but one that Pagford had always considered particularly its own. This was Sweetlove House, an exquisite, honey-coloured Queen Anne manor, set in many acres of park and farmland. It lay within Pagford Parish, halfway between the town and Yarvil. For nearly two hundred years the house had passed smoothly from generation to generation of aristocratic Sweetloves, until finally, in the early 1900s, the family had died out. All that remained these days of the Sweetloves' long association with Pagford, was the grandest tomb in the churchyard of St Michael and All Saints, and a smattering of crests and initials over local records and buildings, like the footprints and coprolites of extinct creatures. After the death of the last of the Sweetloves, the manor house had changed hands with alarming rapidity. There were constant fears in Pagford that some developer would buy and mutilate the beloved landmark. Then, in the 1950s, a man called Aubrey Fawley purchased the place. Fawley was soon known to be possessed of substantial private wealth, which he supplemented in mysterious ways in the City. He had four children, and a desire to settle permanently. Pagford's approval was raised to still giddier heights by the swiftly circulated intelligence that Fawley was descended, through a collateral line, from the Sweetloves. He was clearly half a local already, a man whose natural allegiance would be to Pagford and not to Yarvil. Old Pagford believed that the advent of Aubrey Fawley meant the return of a charmed era. He would be a fairy godfather to the town, like his ancestors before him, showering grace and glamour over their cobbled streets. Howard Mollison could still remember his mother bursting into their tiny kitchen in Hope Street with the news that Aubrey had been invited to judge the local flower show. Her runner beans had taken the vegetable prize three years in a row, and she yearned to accept the silver-plated rose bowl from a man who was already, to her, a figure of old-world romance. III But then, so local legend told, came the sudden darkness that attends the appearance of the wicked fairy. Even as Pagford was rejoicing that Sweetlove House had fallen into such safe hands, Yarvil was busily constructing a swath of council houses to its south. The new streets, Pagford learned with unease, were consuming some of the land that lay between the city and the town. Everybody knew that there had been an increasing demand for cheap housing since the war, but the little town, momentarily distracted by Aubrey Fawley's arrival, began to buzz with mistrust of Yarvil's intentions. The natural barriers of river and hill that had once been guarantors of Pagford's sovereignty seemed diminished by the speed with which the red-brick houses multiplied. Yarvil filled every inch of the land at its disposal, and stopped at the northern border of Pagford Parish. The town sighed with a relief that was soon revealed to be premature. The Cantermill Estate was immediately judged insufficient to meet the population's needs, and the city cast about for more land to colonize. It was then that Aubrey Fawley (still more myth than man to the people of Pagford) made the decision that triggered a festering sixty-year grudge. Having no use for the few scrubby fields that lay beyond the new development, he sold the land to Yarvil Council for a good price, and used the cash to restore the warped panelling in the hall of Sweetlove House. Pagford's fury was unconfined. The Sweetlove fields had been an important part of its buttress against the encroaching city; now the ancient border of the parish was to be compromised by an overspill of needy Yarvilians. Rowdy town hall meetings, seething letters to the newspaper and Yarvil Council, personal remonstrance with those in charge – nothing succeeded in reversing the tide. The council houses began to advance again, but with one difference. In the brief hiatus following completion of the first estate, the council had realized that it could build more cheaply. The fresh eruption was not of red brick but of concrete in steel frames. This second estate was known locally as the Fields, after the land on which it had been built, and was marked as distinct from the Cantermill Estate by its inferior materials and design. It was in one of the Fields' concrete and steel houses, already cracking and warping by the late 1960s, that Barry Fairbrother was born. IV In spite of Yarvil Council's bland assurances that maintenance of the new estate would be its own responsibility, Pagford – as the furious townsfolk had predicted from the first – was soon landed with new bills. While the provision of most services to the Fields, and the upkeep of its houses, fell to Yarvil Council, there remained matters that the city, in its lofty way, delegated to the parish: the maintenance of public footpaths, of lighting and public seating, of bus shelters and common land. Graffiti blossomed on the bridges spanning the Pagford to Yarvil road; Fields bus shelters were vandalized; Fields teenagers strewed the play park with beer bottles and threw rocks at the street lamps. A local footpath, much favoured by tourists and ramblers, became a popular spot for Fields youths to congregate, ‘and worse', as Howard Mollison's mother put it darkly. It fell to Pagford Parish Council to clean, to repair and to replace, and the funds dispersed by Yarvil were felt from the first to be inadequate for the time and expense required. No part of Pagford's unwanted burden caused more fury or bitterness than the fact that Fields children now fell inside the catchment area of St Thomas's Church of England Primary School. Young Fielders had the right to don the coveted blue and white uniform, to play in the yard beside the foundation stone laid by Lady Charlotte Sweetlove and to deafen the tiny classrooms with their strident Yarvil accents. It swiftly became common lore in Pagford that houses in the Fields had become the prize and goal of every benefit-supported Yarvil family with school-age children; that there was a great ongoing scramble across the boundary line from the Cantermill Estate, much as Mexicans streamed into Texas. Their beautiful St Thomas's – a magnet for professional commuters to Yarvil, who were attracted by the tiny classes, the rolltop desks, the aged stone building and the lush green playing field – would be overrun and swamped by the offspring of scroungers, addicts and mothers whose children had all been fathered by different men. This nightmarish scenario had never been fully realized, because while there were undoubtedly advantages to St Thomas's there were also drawbacks: the need to buy the uniform, or else to fill in all the forms required to qualify for assistance for the same; the necessity of attaining bus passes, and of getting up earlier to ensure that the children arrived at school on time. Some households in the Fields found these onerous obstacles, and their children were absorbed instead by the large plain-clothes primary school that had been built to serve the Cantermill Estate. Most of the Fields pupils who came to St Thomas's blended in well with their peers in Pagford; some, indeed, were admitted to be perfectly nice children. Thus Barry Fairbrother had moved up through the school, a popular and clever class clown, only occasionally noticing that the smile of a Pagford parent stiffened when he mentioned the place where he lived. Nevertheless, St Thomas's was sometimes forced to take in a Fields pupil of undeniably disruptive nature. Krystal Weedon had been living with her great-grandmother in Hope Street when the time came for her to start school, so that there was really no way of stopping her coming, even though, when she moved back to the Fields with her mother at the age of eight, there were high hopes locally that she would leave St Thomas's for good. Krystal's slow passage up the school had resembled the passage of a goat through the body of a boa constrictor, being highly visible and uncomfortable for both parties concerned. Not that Krystal was always in class: for much of her career at St Thomas's she had been taught one-on-one by a special teacher. By a malign stroke of fate, Krystal had been in the same class as Howard and Shirley's eldest granddaughter, Lexie. Krystal had once hit Lexie Mollison so hard in the face that she had knocked out two of her teeth. That they had already been wobbly was not felt, by Lexie's parents and grandparents, to be much of an extenuation. It was the conviction that whole classes of Krystals would be waiting for their daughters at Winterdown Comprehensive that finally decided Miles and Samantha Mollison on removing both their daughters to St Anne's, the private girls' school in Yarvil, where they had become weekly boarders. The fact that his granddaughters had been driven out of their rightful places by Krystal Weedon, swiftly became one of Howard's favourite conversational examples of the estate's nefarious influence on Pagford life. V The first effusion of Pagford's outrage had annealed into a quieter, but no less powerful, sense of grievance. The Fields polluted and corrupted a place of peace and beauty, and the smouldering townsfolk remained determined to cut the estate adrift. Yet boundary reviews had come and gone, and reforms in local government had swept the area without effecting any change: the Fields remained part of Pagford. Newcomers to the town learned quickly that abhorrence of the estate was a necessary passport to the goodwill of that hard core of Pagfordians who ran everything. But now, at long last – over sixty years after Old Aubrey Fawley had handed Yarvil that fatal parcel of land – after decades of patient work, of strategizing and petitioning, of collating information and haranguing sub-committees – the anti-Fielders of Pagford found themselves, at last, on the trembling threshold of victory. The recession was forcing local authorities to streamline, cut and reorganize. There were those on the higher body of Yarvil District Council who foresaw an advantage to their electoral fortunes if the crumbling little estate, likely to fare poorly under the austerity measures imposed by the national government, were to be scooped up, and its disgruntled inhabitants joined to their own voters. Pagford had its own representative in Yarvil: District Councillor Aubrey Fawley. This was not the man who had enabled the construction of the Fields, but his son, ‘Young Aubrey', who had inherited Sweetlove House and who worked through the week as a merchant banker in London. There was a whiff of penance in Aubrey's involvement in local affairs, a sense that he ought to make right the wrong that his father had so carelessly done to the little town. He and his wife Julia donated and gave out prizes at the agricultural show, sat on any number of local committees, and threw an annual Christmas party to which invitations were much coveted. It was Howard's pride and delight to think that he and Aubrey were such close allies in the continuing quest to reassign the Fields to Yarvil, because Aubrey moved in a higher sphere of commerce that commanded Howard's fascinated respect. Every evening, after the delicatessen closed, Howard removed the tray of his old-fashioned till, and counted up coins and dirty notes before placing them in a safe. Aubrey, on the other hand, never touched money during his office hours, and yet he caused it to move in unimaginable quantities across continents. He managed it and multiplied it and, when the portents were less propitious, he watched magisterially as it vanished. To Howard, Aubrey had a mystique that not even a worldwide financial crash could dent; the delicatessen-owner was impatient of anyone who blamed the likes of Aubrey for the mess in which the country found itself. Nobody had complained when things were going well, was Howard's oft-repeated view, and he accorded Aubrey the respec t due to a general injured in an unpopular war. Meanwhile, as a district councillor, Aubrey was privy to all kinds of interesting statistics, and in a position to share a good deal of information with Howard about Pagford's troublesome satellite. The two men knew exactly how much of the district's resources were poured, without return or apparent improvement, into the Fields' dilapidated streets; that nobody owned their own house in the Fields (whereas the red-brick houses of the Cantermill Estate were almost all in private hands these days; they had been prettified almost beyond recognition, with window-boxes and porches and neat front lawns); that nearly two-thirds of Fields-dwellers lived entirely off the state; and that a sizeable proportion passed through the doors of the Bellchapel Addiction Clinic. VI Howard carried the mental image of the Fields with him always, like a memory of a nightmare: boarded windows daubed with obscenities; smoking teenagers loitering in the perennially defaced bus shelters; satellite dishes everywhere, turned to the skies like the denuded ovules of grim metal flowers. He often asked rhetorically why they could not have organized and made the place over – what was stopping the residents from pooling their meagre resources and buying a lawnmower between the lot of them? But it never happened: the Fields waited for the councils, District and Parish, to clean, to repair, to maintain; to give and give and give again. Howard would then recall the Hope Street of his boyhood, with its tiny back gardens, each hardly more than tablecloth-sized squares of earth, but most, including his mother's, bristling with runner beans and potatoes. There was nothing, as far as Howard could see, to stop the Fielders growing fresh vegetables; nothing to stop them disciplining their sinister, hooded, spray-painting offspring; nothing to stop them pulling themselves together as a community and tackling the dirt and the shabbiness; nothing to stop them cleaning themselves up and taking jobs; nothing at all. So Howard was forced to draw the conclusion that they were choosing, of their own free will, to live the way they lived, and that the estate's air of slightly threatening degradation was nothing more than a physical manifestation of ignorance and indolence. Pagford, by contrast, shone with a kind of moral radiance in Howard's mind, as though the collective soul of the community was made manifest in its cobbled streets, its hills, its picturesque houses. To Howard, his birthplace was much more than a collection of old buildings, and a fast-flowing, tree-fringed river, the majestic silhouette of the abbey above or the hanging baskets in the Square. For him, the town was an ideal, a way of being; a micro-civilization that stood firmly against a national decline. ‘I'm a Pagford man,' he would tell summertime tourists, ‘born and bred.' In so saying, he was giving himself a profound compliment disguised as a commonplace. He had been born in Pagford and he would die there, and he had never dreamed of leaving, nor itched for more change of scene than could be had from watching the seasons transform the surrounding woods and river; from watching the Square blossom in spring or sparkle at Christmas. Barry Fairbrother had known all this; indeed, he had said it. He had laughed right across the table in the church hall, laughed right in Howard's face. ‘You know, Howard, you are Pagford to me.' And Howard, not discomposed in the slightest (for he had always met Barry joke for joke), had said, ‘I'll take that as a great compliment, Barry, however it was intended.' He could afford to laugh. The one remaining ambition of Howard's life was within touching distance: the return of the Fields to Yarvil seemed imminent and certain. Then, two days before Barry Fairbrother had dropped dead in a car park, Howard had learned from an unimpeachable source that his opponent had broken all known rules of engagement, and had gone to the local paper with a story about the blessing it had been for Krystal Weedon to be educated at St Thomas's. The idea of Krystal Weedon being paraded in front of the reading public as an example of the successful integration of the Fields and Pagford might (so Howard said) have been funny, had it not been so serious. Doubtless Fairbrother would have coached the girl, and the truth about her foul mouth, the endlessly interrupted classes, the other children in tears, the constant removals and reintegrations, would be lost in lies. Howard trusted the good sense of his fellow townsfolk, but he feared journalistic spin and the interference of ignorant do-gooders. His objection was both principled and personal: he had not yet forgotten how his granddaughter had sobbed in his arms, with bloody sockets where her teeth had been, while he tried to soothe her with a promise of triple prizes from the tooth fairy.

Payment of Gratuity Act

Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 Outline †¢ Applicability of the Act (Sec 1) & Definitions (Sec 2) – employee, superannuation, continuous service (Sec 2(A)), Wages Payment of gratuity (Sec 4) o Continuous service of not less than 5 yrs o Calculation of gratuity in case of seasonal employees, in case of employee employed after disablement, on ‘retrenchment’, for service beyond the age of superannuation, on resignation o Calculation of â€Å"15 days† wages in respect of mthly rated employee, piece-rated employee, daily wager for 26 days in a month o Entitlement to gratuity with better terms o Withholding & forfeiture of gratuity Power to exempt (Sec 5) – payment of gratuity vis-a-vis curtailment of benefits by management Determination of the amt. of gratuity (Sec 7) o Duty of an employer to determine gratuity amt. o Mode of payment of gratuity & pd. f limitation to Controlling authority o Rate of interest Recovery of gratuity (Sec 8) o Delay in payme nt of gratuity – effect o Default in payment of gratuity or wages on part of employer Act to override other enactments (Sec 14) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 1 Wages Sec 2(s) – B+DA + incentive wages * + Food Allowance (In case it is paid to Hotel Employees). Nomenclature of ‘honorarium’ to the remuneration for the services rendered by a person where employed for work. Not a part of wages under the Act, 1972 (bonus, commission, HRA, OT, & any other allowance like ‘teller’s allowance’ not even if it is vide bipartite settlements) * Bonus & incentive bonus paid separately – Bonus would include incentive wages (Not even in case of a piece rated employees) Continuous Service Read Sec 2(A) – in case of interruption of service due to illegal strike, the burden of proof lies upon the person who claims benefit under all circumstance. Where orders of Controlling / Appellate Authority put the onus on employee – HC held the normal rule by asking both the parties to lead evidence on the said issue. Other Issues Employee – if estopped from claiming gratuity after having once received a sum See if acceptance of gratuity estoppel against the statute [Sec 14] – Parry’s (Cal) Employees Union v. Union of India, 1980 Lab IC (Cal HC) Claim of gratuity for service beyond the age of superannuation, if also maintainable? Age of superannuation of an employee is not relevant for the purpose of payment of gratuity on his retirement / resignation. Cannot be refused gratuity in terms of Sec 4(1)(b) for the period of service rendered beyond the age of superannuation. Cannot be contended that gratuity is payable for the service rendered by him upto the age of his superannuation u/Sec 2(r). Break in service to be seen Calculation of â€Å"15 days’ wages† for mthly rated employee Daily wages – to be calculated for actual no. of working days which is 26 and not 30. Not to be calculated just by taking ? of his wages for a mth of 30 days. Not by fixing his daily wages dividing his mthly wages by 30 â€Å"15 days’ wages† – Cal & Guj HC & SC: 15 days’ wages should be taken as wages earned in 15 days and not wages earned during a pd. of 15 days including the days on which the employee is not entitled to payment of wages 2 Calculation of â€Å"15 days’ wages† for piece rated employee Avg. of total wages recd. by an empl for a pd. of 3 mths immediately preceding the termination of employment. Computed by dividing such total wages by the actual no. of days of work & not no. of days / no. of working days in the said pd. of 3 mths. (Wages payable for a day) x 15 Calculation of gratuity during pendency of disciplinary proceedings, & on dismissal for slowing down the work Gratuity cannot be withheld even if disciplinary proceeding is pending against an employee. Gratuity of an employee dismissed for willful slowing down of work cannot be withheld since there is no such bar in the Act. No deduction whatsoever, except as stipulated by Sec 4(6) pertaining to forfeiture on account of dismissal of an employee because of certain misconduct can be made from the payment of gratuity as payable to an employee. Kar HC Held: Non-payment of gratuity to an employee on his retirement on account of some lapses during his service is not tenable as his service has not been termination for any lapses. Retrenchment compensation whether can be set off against gratuity Statutory liability u/Act, 1972 is not in lieu of any other entitlement, but stands on its own. Entitlement under two diff. laws would depend upon the satisfaction of the essential requisites for claiming the sum due under the relevant provisions of these two enactments 3

Essay on “Analyze, Don’t Summarize” by Michael Berube Essay

Berube analogize student’s essays and watching sports commentary on ESPN, because students tend to summarize in their essays instead of analyzing it. Berube uses an example as to what he is trying to explain that the world of sports is metacommentary and no one actually summarizes on how the game is being played. Instead they analyze, they just point out the important part of the game. In the tenth paragraph he quotes â€Å"Well, Tony let me point out that last night, the Red Sox swept the Tigers and crept to within three games of the Yankees.† And then he quotes that â€Å"†¦I’m just pointing out that the Sox won 3-1, on a four hitter by Schilling, while the Yanks blew another late-inning lead.† Page 304 Berube uses this comparison to explain that no one summarizes the sports because no one in the sports world confuses summaries with analyses, meaning that he discuss the importance of what a thesis should look like. He quotes that â€Å"†¦When I tell them that an observation is not a thesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he wants students to write a paper in which the thesis can be arguable and to bring to the public’s attention, just as sports commentary do; pointing out the essential parts of the game. Berube’s response to student’s writing is to â€Å"Assume a hypothetical readership composed of people who have already read the book. That means that you shouldn’t say â€Å"In class, we discussed the importance in the clam chowder in chapter five. But more important it means you don’t have to summarize the novel†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Berube most convincing analogy would be when he quoted the Red Sox won 3-1with the Yankees. He gave two specific examples of what the difference of analyzing and summarizing. What he wants his papers look like. Well he uses the comparison with sports because what he wants his students to know that what he looks for is a paper that catches the pub lic’s attention. He wants main points just as commentators argue about when a game is being played. Berube’s least convincing analogy was when he says that â€Å"sport talks are nothing but an entire entourage of chattering parasites.† What did he really meant if this is what he is trying to compare with his student’s writings and sports. This is why sports monocommentary is supposed to be doing –arguing about the game not just â€Å"Chattering† like he says. The author expresses the difference between analyzing and summarizing simply by contradicting himself with the rest of the essay, because he mentioned he wants his papers to be arguable just as sports talks should be. Berube says  that sports talks’ analogy is useful simply as a handy way of distinguishing between summary and analysis. â€Å"When a student paper cites textual evidence so compelling and unusual that it makes me go back and read passage in a question (good!) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ he quotes and a â€Å"suggests that a novel conclusion fails to resolve the questions and tensions raised by the rest of the narrative or makes claim that are directly contradicted by the literary text its self (bad!)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (page 304) The significance of his point that â€Å"an observation is not a thesis means† because a thesis is usually an arguable piece of writing and in most cases factual and an observation is what is perceived by one at the moment meaning only you can base an opinion of what you just saw. In this paragraph Berube emphasizes his point on analyzing, summarizing, and sports talks. The above paragraph shows the author’s black and white thinking about his student’s papers. He believes that there are only two choices; one is the right choice and the other is not, deciding whether you sound right or not, â€Å"I simply know an A paper when I see one.† Audience of Berube’s essay could be anyone, but most likely his students. According to paragraph fifteen, he’s been using ESPN or sport talks as his source to compare it with his student’s essays. As I get to the end of the essay, I realized that Berube wasn’t able to answer his own question. But he was able to successfully compare analyzing and summarizing by giving easy and understandable reasons and resources.

Mandatory external rotation of accountantsoffices Essay

Mandatory external rotation of accountantsoffices - Essay Example In the U.S., the Securities and Exchange Commission is responsible for spelling out audit requirements. The SEC is more focused on internal audit as compared to external mandatory rotation of audit firms. Financial accounting reporting and auditing have been the key areas affected by the European crisis. In an attempt to resolve the predicament, both Europe and the U.S. have tried to come up with rotation. Rotation has been viewed as a solution to mitigate the threats associated with financial independence generated by developed nations (Mihaela et al., 2010). At a time when the world is facing a crisis new audit policy has to be a crucial factor in avoiding losses. Auditors usually find themselves in a fix due to the fact of being familiar with the management and being intimidated by their clients, which adversely leads to long-term client-audit relationship. Over the recent years, the subject of long-term audit and client relationship has raised eyebrows within public and social re alms. Mandatory external rotation of accountants’ offices is believed to increase auditor independence and quality of audit and financial reporting (Velte & Stiglbauer, 2012). On the other hand, external auditing increases the cost of auditing in the first two years. This is because the risk of liability from auditors is significantly high in the first two years than within subsequent years. Due to the audit concentration of the four big companies, external mandatory rotation is almost not realized. The big four has a command on the number of companies they audit each year. In addition, the big four has vast experience in consultancy and have advisory services to attest to it. Therefore, this makes it hard for small and mid-sized accounting firms, which are looking forward to enter into a new market (Velte & Stiglbauer, 2012). In other cases, there have been arguments on the quality of auditing in

'Rebel Without a Cause' Film Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

'Rebel Without a Cause' Film Review - Essay Example In order to discern the position, it is important to look at the outstanding question that Jim Stark ask his father while considering the embodiment of manhood; â€Å"What can you do when you have to be a man?† (Ray II). When asking the question, Jim expects a clear and conclusive solution, but the father’s inability to give a precise answer points in a way to the question of masculinity among the characters in the movie. People wonder why there is not one definite answer explaining who a real man is. Is it that Mr. Stark is not sure of what it takes to be a man? Maybe there is more than one way of answering the question. One plausible thing in this scenario is that the society in which the movie is set provides only one standard model of manhood; that of a tough, hyper-masculine male. There seems to be numerous instances in the movie during which this assertion of a hyper-masculine male is ideologically shifted and distorted. For instance, when Jim gets back home, he finds his dad rushing to bring food to Jim’s mother afore she awakens. Jim becomes disgusted at just how diminished his father’s masculinity has become and begged him to stop getting submissive. It is clear that Jim’s disgust stems from his worries regarding the apparent inversion of gender roles. It is plausible in Jim’s character that something urgent needs to be done in order to re-define the true meaning of masculinity, and hence manhood. This explains why he cannot accept his father’s submissiveness to the mother. Out of frustration, he grabs his father and pushes him across the room. This action seems to encompass Jim’s desire to re-awaken the â€Å"man† in his father. According to Jim, the father has become an emasculated patriarch in this matriarchal society. When one turns to Frank’s life in the movie, it is notable that he has control over his activities, leaving him with little room to assert his masculinity. Indeed, his masculinity has

Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Final Project - Essay Example These conclusions may be disturbing, but they are extremely liberating. Furthermore, Marxism addresses various classes that are found in a society, these classes comprises of the haves and have not’s. The haves are known as the capitalist they control the markets and own industries. In addition, they also control the government institutions, which enable them to control violence that is organized by the state. The â€Å"have not’s† are normally the working class, and they normally work in industries and institutions owned and controlled by the capitalists. Feminism addresses another lack of equality, which is inequality, based on sexes. For a long time, society has confined women to certain activities, which have made them unequal, compared to men. There are certain expectations that are put on women, such as serving their husbands. Therefore, women for a long time have been subjugated to male authority, and they have been treated like a form of property or objec t (Donovan, 1985). There is also the confinement of women to certain activities like raising children and performing certain chores at their homes. Feminism perspective deals with the inequalities that are subject to a person’s gender. The reason why feminist perspective is my favorite is that it deals with issues that are experienced in daily lives. This makes it extremely real and applicable in the present day and the future. Feminist perspective also explains reasons why women who have progressed than men insist on being submissive to male authority. According to feminist perspective, submissive women are considered good by men. Therefore, they are guaranteed of economic security and protection from men violence. The other reason why feminist perspective is my favorite is its similarity to Marxism in breaking the norm into bringing liberation. This is because it breaks what is known as romantic love to explain how men rule by force. This enables the learner to think about the fundamental injustices that have been subjected to people based on their gender. Feminist perspective on race is that racism occurs when a person gets an advantage as a result of his or her race. In addition, there are those who are of the opinion that racism is about a race having a belief of superiority over others. However, feminists insist that racism is a system and cannot be carried out by an individual. There is a difference between a personal opinion and institutionalized racism according to feminist theory. Feminist theory also includes having privilege that is not earned as a result of a person’s race as racism. There are also arguments that those individuals that get these unearned advantages either willing or not are also racists. According to this theory, no person should plead ignorance by getting advantages for belonging to a certain race. Moreover, feminist theory differentiates personal prejudice from racism since individuals carry out prejudice while a c ommunity carries out racism. According to feminist theory, women who gain from advantages they gain for belonging to a certain class makes them racists, as well (Jackson, & Jones, 1998). The feminist perspective on gender is that there is difference sex and gender. Therefore, sex refers to the biological determinism on sex features found in a person. On the other hand, gender means certain factors that are denoted on men and women. These factors are normally social factors such as behavior, social role and identity.

The Disappearing Data Center Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Disappearing Data Center - Essay Example In addition, the system should have adequate authentication, access control and administration. The company should therefore examine the authentication options that are available, for instance, whether the system has trusted proxy, good security measures and so on. Comparatively, should access whether the technology and hosting are fit for purpose and is scalable. The company should determine whether the hardware is modern, reliable, the development cycle of the system, its ease in integrating with other systems and so on. Therefore, in a nut shell, when deciding where to host their system, the companies should evaluate the system’s navigation and interface, content production and workflow, authentication, access control and administration, and the fitness level of the technology and hosting. Other considerations could comprise of whether the operating system, scripting software and server software meet the purpose of the company. Many small businesses are moving towards cloud computing as a way of saving their costs and attaining sophisticated and powerful hardware (Plant 2009). However, there are several issues surrounding moving a company’s data center to the cloud computing. Some of the issues facing companies that have opted for cloud computing include the following;- First, cloud computing brings with it issues to deal with the security of the company’s data transfer. This is because all the information that travels between the company network and the cloud passes through the and therefore there is a chance that hackers could distort it. Due to this, the management should ensure that their systems are well secured through the use of internet security measures such as encryption, proxy, industry standard protocols and so on. Equally important, the use of software interfaces could be a major issue affecting cloud computing. The use of a weak set of software interface could expose the company to various

Preliminary Organizational Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Preliminary Organizational Analysis - Essay Example In regard to the production situation, the department’s performance constantly remains under the scrutiny of the strategies department plus the ministry in charge. In the last quarter performance indicator survey, the department had trouble attaining the earlier set goals and objectives plus submitting their reports. The few staff members whined of responsibilities getting distributed unfairly. In fact, some of the workers concurred toiling more than others thereby emanating in unequal work pressure distribution (Jenster & Hussey 32). Some employees in the department possessed inadequate skills plus qualifications to work there. Furthermore, all the staff possessed the same job title, but with no specific job descriptions. Moreover, they too had problems in identifying the individual who possessed the official documents relevant to their department, thereby contributing to disorganization while trying to accomplish certain tasks due to missing documents. Furthermore, coordinat ion and harmonization among the staff became poor over time since some thought were superior to others. In addition, some repudiated orders directed to them by their fellow staff members, and only confounded to those directed to them by their seniors (Jenster & Hussey 54). ... Since the various committees had set goals and objectives, the boss left his deputy in charge of the various initiatives to be commenced. The deputy decided to oversee the initiatives by himself and took the responsibilities of planning, follow up and supervision (Jenster & Hussey 68). Analysis of the situation The strategies department and the Ministry of Internal Security in emphasizing more on timely delivery of performance reports from the various police stations, the department received immense pressure (Jenster & Hussey 46). Accordingly, by the police boss getting involved in various committees meant he had less time to establish a detailed organizational structure for the department plus prepare job descriptions for each staff. Moreover, in having less time, meant that during the end of every quarter when the strategic department came to collect performance reports, denotes he avoided accountability. For him, as long as the administration department achieved its goals and obje ctives as per the performance records, meant there existed no administrative problem. In addition, by the police boss lacking a personal secretary contributed to him having less time for his department due to poor time management, leading to poor communication between the boss and the staff (Jenster & Hussey 83). In relation to the committees, by the deputy police boss taking all responsibilities in the initiatives put forth, contributed to him too becoming busy to care for the staff problems. The employees in not knowing their job descriptions resulted to a lot of confusion in the department, but the police boss could not solve it due to his tight schedule. The staff in having poor coordination and harmonization at work affected

IMC Tactics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IMC Tactics - Essay Example One of the IMC plans that the company uses is direct marketing. In direct marketing, the media are involved which directly convey their services to their target market. It entails magazines, radio, newspapers, and sponsorships (Pickton, 2001). The company uses this medium to convey their message of low prices to its clients. The company advertises in television at peak hours of viewing in order to target the larger segment of the market. New products that the company has launched are shown in the commercial with their features. The company also sponsors charity events and sports to earn that reputation as a large retailer that people appreciate and recognizes. The magazines and newspaper are used for similar purpose. Any new product that the company introduces with their respective pricelist is offered to the media. Their objective is not targeting the niche industry since the company targets the low and middle-income earners. Direct mailing is also an important medium for the compan y where it updates its customer about their products. Another plan for the company is through sales promotion. Walmart uses various methods and techniques to create interest and awareness in clients to purchase their products competitions. This is helpful because the strategy is helpful in boosting the company’s sales, where the clients are entering for the weekly and monthly prize draw offering various prizes. Products that are highly priced, the price value is normally high like continental holiday. Another sale promotion is points of sale, the range of new products are decorated in an interesting and attractive manner to catch the attention of customers and luring them to buy. Assuming the product is single and tends to occupy a small space it is normally placed at the counter. Additionally, the free sample testing is done by the company whenever a new product range is introduced in the market. The gifts are also

Rossie the riveter Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rossie the riveter - Movie Review Example It is the case that Sheridan Harvey identifies that most people bring to mind the image â€Å"We can do it!† created by J. Howard Miller for the Westinghouse corporation. However it is Norman Rockwell that provided the image that was most examined by the film’s narrator. Rockwell created an image that was in many respects much brawnier and dirty than Miller’s iconic image. The naming of Rosie the Riveter comes from a song written by Red Evans John Jacob Loeb. In which the protagonist is more gifted than a typical male worker. It was postulated that this song influenced Rockwell insofar as he painted the name ‘Rosie’ on the lunchbox of his image. The film then highlights a number of women actually named ‘Rose/Rosie’ who were credited with excellent accomplishments during the war. The miller image became more popular as it is the case that there was less copyright restriction and as such became more widely reproduced. A great description is provided as to how the Rosie character becomes a contrast between male and female roles, as well as postulating that Rockwell gave her a kind of angelic look. Building on this last image, the film then indicates that a government sponsored publication called the women’s war guide, provided advice to companies on how to attract women in the workforce, as well as giving general advice to women on activities they could complete to help the war effort. This in essence was recognition by the U.S. government that women were an integral part of the war effort. The next image that was examined was also completed by Rockwell which depicted a patriotic woman carrying the gear to complete a variety of different tasks that were integral to the war effort. This image depicted a woman who was a nurse, farmer, a conductor, a mechanic and a telephone operator. The film then postulates that

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Business - Essay Example It was founded in 1962 by Sam Walton, and it was incorporated in 1969. In 1972, Wal-Mart started trading in the New York Stock Exchange. The company recently invested into the grocery business as it generated $258 billion in its sales which was 52 percent of their income that year (Fishman, 2006). The whole concept of the company’s interest in investing in new territories of Russia and Ireland is due to the fact that it has already invested in 15 other countries. It has 8500 stores under 55 different names in these countries (Fishman, 2006). These different stores are operated under the Wal-Mart, company in the United States. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that all the foreign investment plans are followed to the letter. Numerous companies always have a problem with the manner in which they decide to venture into new markets. Therefore, Wal-Mart should ensure that they create a viable investment plan, which will be favorable for them in the new territory. This will not m ean that they just take their money and buy random shares in the countries’ stocks. This would mean that they have a structured plan with the intention of making things right and meet the standard of their other investments in other countries. Moreover, they should have goals, which can be defined and will elaborate the investment options they had in order to achieve them. Wal-Mart should ensure that it has goals which will enable them to determine their future in these new territories. The investment plan which is being created should show the type of goals they would like to attain. It can be long term or short-term achievement. The real intention for the investment plan should also indicate other issues, which can occur in order to make the company prosper in this territory. This will make it easier for the company to be in a position of making plans which will be suitable for them and the country. The company should also know the amount it is willing to invest and if it w ould fit the type of investment it wants to conduct. The amount of money to be spent will depend on the goals that the company has. It is known that each country which has a potential for growth, will always have brokers who know the market of the region. These people will help the company to understand the country better, and if their plan will be accepted in this new territory. In initiating the investment plan in this territory, the company should be in a position of understanding its comfort level as it takes risks. This means that if the company is determined to take a big risk in order to generate high returns, it would be good for it. However, they should also understand the a big risk might result in a big loss in the investment. It would mean that the company would have to project the market trends of the region in order to know what type of risk it would endure. The company is also advised that when they make their investment plans, they should be in a position of diversif ying their investment selection. This would mean that Wal-Mart would have to know whether they would go for stocks, grocery, warehousing or retail stores. Finally, before making a decision, the company would have to learn the marketplace in these new territories. This implies that the companies have to know how to read the market report, predict the future and project how the movements of stocks take place. This would help the company in knowing how to avoid losses while at the same time understand new investments in the

The first law of thermodynamics Essay Example for Free

The first law of thermodynamics Essay The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another. This can be illustrated using the example of steam power. Thermal energy is stored in steam. This steam can be used to drive an steam engine which converts this thermal energy in the steam into kinetic energy of the unit (say steam driven train). In thermal power plants, fossil fuel is burnt to produce steam and the thermal energy in the steam then drives the turbine to produced electricity. Thus thermal energy of the steam gets converted into electrical energy. From these two illustrations it becomes obvious that energy can neither be created nor destroyed it can only be converted from one form to another. Three types of non-renewable power plants and the fuel consumed by these power plants are listed below. Fuels cells use the electrons produced in a chemical reactions to produce electricity. One example is Hydrogen – Oxygen Fuel cell. In this case Hydrogen is oxidized at anode into hydrogen ions plus electrons and oxygen is reduced at cathode into oxide ions at cathode. Anode and cathode is separated by solid electrolytes and connected by a metallic wire. The electrons move from anode to the cathode through the metallic wire and thus electricity is produced. This is very clean source of electrical energy. Criteria for acceptability of energy alternatives are listed below. Technological feasibility – It should be technologically feasible to convert the energy into usable forms like electricity etc. Abundance – The energy source should be available in abundance. Reliability – The energy source should be reliable. This is particularly relevant for wind energy and solar energy in the regions of unpredictable sky conditions and wind conditions. Capital Expenditure – Generally capital expenditure requirements are high and act as major barrier for exploiting renewable energy sources.

Management Essays Leadership and Management

Management Essays Leadership and Management Leadership and Management Leadership and management often remain confused as these two are mostly taken in one content. John kotter who belongs to Harvard Business School classifies these two indifferent content, leadership as a part of management. According to him a single word management include different concept and leadership is one of its concept. Leadership actually means ability to influence other behaviours and acts in order to achieve a certain goal. In multi-national organization, leadership strategy is used by the managers as they want to lead their sub-ordinates to achieve that purpose for which the organization is made for. In any leader, confidence, motivation, better communication system, influencing others, decision making and goal setting characters are essentials as these are the major characters of any leader. The topic that the paper will cover is the leadership in McDonald within US and China. The paper aims to see the differences in leadership strategy used by US and China while particul arly taking McDonald in consideration. This difference enables us to know different strategies these two countries have adopted. Moreover, the paper aims to describe the different leadership strategies used by these countries. Leadership in McDonald by US The democracy in US is more than in China, the reason compromises that US have high political background and have high delegate authority. The political system of the US country favours the democracy and the top management do not love to involve in the issues rather they use to delegate the authorities to their sub-ordinates and much of the authority is in the hand of middle and lower level managers. In US the individualism is preferred than the group working. US McDonald usually seek the Variety reduction in leadership, means that they use to remove the uncertainty by focusing on limited number of resources. This enables the US leader to control the poor performance of their subordinates. Moreover, the McDonald in US prefers to get experienced employees in their firm. The McDonald of US focus mainly on opportunities and less on problems and that is why the McDonald adopted diversification in US. The US manager working in China for McDonald are less ethnocentric rather the Chinese ma nagers. The US manager believes on giving the authority form the top while giving the decision making and problem solving authority to the middle manager. The organizational process in US McDonald is that main authority is passed form the top while lower level mangers that directly interact with the customers solve the problems by them selves. They decide by themselves that how they have to treat people and what will be their next step in the future. Leadership in McDonald by China According to Charles W.L. Hill, Gareth R, Jones (2003) democracy trend in china is very low and that is the reason that leaders in china usually take care of their employees. In fact, China believes on high group orientation, where the leadership strategy works less rather team working is preferred more. We can say that in China paternalistic strategy work more in which the employees are considered as partners. Above all, the china though does not prefer leadership, but do not allow the MNE’s of international firms to lead the china employees in their showroom and firm. McDonald working in China can not adopt leadership strategy to lead the Chinese employees in their country and thus found many problems. Chinese usually adopt the variety amplifier strategy in which the uncertainty increases as the Chinese manager usually seek different alternatives, evaluate them for their further future use. Chinese leaders are the problem seeker; they believe that solving different problems within the firm can reduce uncertainty and increases efficiency while seeking the opportunities. They believe that solving the existing problems while seeking the new opportunities is more important fro the firm to work in the future. The individual behaviour in the McDonald working in China is different form that of USD. The individualism is not a belief of china rather they believe on group dynamics. The organizational behaviour in Chinese McDonald is basically depending on team working and on paternalistic in which a system works on define pattern. Authority and major decision are in the hand of top management, not believe on individualism rather work in teams or groups to solve different problems. While working in US and China, McDonald faces different problems as what type of leadership strategy they must adopt in order to achieve the goals and objectives. A detail theory and concept is provided that will suggest that what type of strategies the firm must adopt to deal with this leadership in these two countries. The very first section deals with contingency design theory and the other section will deals with structuration theory. Contingency theory Al Dunlap experience shows that different leadership strategies must be adopted by the firm when working at global level. The reason is that different countries culture and tradition highly affect the leadership in countries. Some people do not love to lead while some people love to get supervision form the top to know that what should be their next step. Therefore, contingency theory suggests that different leadership strategies should be adopted according to the country type. In this contingency theory, different concept and strategies are used and these will be the part of paper description. Fielder Model According to fielder contingency model, the group performance can be made better if the proper matching of leader style and situation is gained by the leader. This is actually a proper matching between the leader style and type of situation. Different situation required different styles of leadership. For this the leadership style is required to be identified according to the situation. To know that what actually the style should be Fielder developed last preferred co-worker questioner. This questioner will help the leader to know that either their employees are task oriented or relationship oriented. Fielder develops a 16 pager questioner in which he ranked question into two categories, task oriented and relationship oriented. These questioners are then circulated within the employees who than elaborate that what type of leadership strategies are required by the employees. Similarly the McDonald should adopt the similar way of questioner before operating in any country to know that what type of leadership strategy they want in the company, either want task oriented leadership or relationship oriented leadership. While working at global level, such mechanism won’t work as the number of employees is huge and taking view of each employee at each region would not be possible by the McDonald. Later fielder has developed three contingency dimensions which should be taken in consideration as these will define the key situational factors of any firm. These three contingency dimensions are given as Leader-member relations: this defines the relationship within the employees and their leaders. This dimension also shows the degree of confidence, respect and trust the members have on their leaders. Task structure: this dimension enables the leader to know that which job assignment should be structured and which should not be structured. Position power: this dimension describes the power of the leader such as power of hiring, firing, promoting and salary increase. According to fielder view, the more the better relation within the leader and the employee, better will be the structure of an organization. The stronger the position of the leader in the firm, the more he/she will has control over the employees. In matching leaders and situations, the fielder proposed that task-oriented leaders can work better in situation in which the circumstances enhance the task orientated nature of the leaders. For instance fro task oriented leaders, a better structured and manages system will work better. Moreover, the more the power given to the task-oriented leaders, the more they can achieve their task efficiently and quickly. Cognitive resource theory Fielder with his co-worker Joe Garcia re-conceptualized the above mentioned theory and suggests a new theory that is named as cognitive resource theory. According to this theory, they two suggest that the stress actually influence the situation and leadership quality but experience and intelligence can lower this stress that influences the leadership quality. Rationality actually affected by this stress because this affects the logical and analytical thinking of the leaders. But they also suggest that the intelligence and experience of the leaders can help them to minimize this stress. According to this concept they suggested three conclusions Directive behaviour result the good performance only when the high intelligence is linked with the low stress. In high-stress situation, the link between the job experience and performance become very positive and strong The intellectual abilities of the leaders when matched properly with the group performance, it leads to a low stress situation. Hersey and Blanchard’s situational theory This theory was developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard and is named as situational leadership theory. According to Stephen P. Robbins (2001) â€Å"Situation leadership is a contingency theory that focuses on the followers. Successful leadership is achieving by selecting the right leadership style, which Hersey and Blanchard argue is contingent on the level of followers, readiness.† Book: (organizational behaviour, 9th edition) p. 322. The main emphasis is on focusing the followers and readiness. Focusing on followers means that actually the leadership style depend on the followers, what type of leadership style they want. Readiness means the willingness and ability of the followers and people to accomplish any task. Hersey and Blanchard developed four leader behaviours that are from highly directive to highly laissez-faire. Whereas according to them the most effective behaviour always depends on the follower’s ability and motivation. According to these two studies, when the followers are unable and unwilling, then task-oriented behaviour and leadership is required that lead such followers to accomplish different tasks. But on the other hand, when the followers are willing to do work and are able than the relationship based leadership would be a better choice. Taking McDonald in consideration, the Chinese employees are very able and willing to work hard; therefore, the relationship strategy would be a better choice for the McDonald chain in the china. Where as in US the McDonald has to seek the types of employees in different regions as not all the employees and followers in US are able and willing to work hard. Leader-member exchange theory According to this Fred Luthans (2001), leader usually under pressure form different in-group and out0group. In0group followers are those which are preferred by the leader more, they are more close to the leaders as these people are more efficient. With time, the leaders come to know that which of the followers are more efficient, have competencies and are more able than other. This helps the leaders to form the in-group and out-group formation. In in-group followers the relationship of the leaders are different than out-group. The leaders are more friendly and dependent on the in-group and have relationship leadership. Where as, with the out-group the leaders usually adopt the task-oriented leadership behaviour. These in-group people have personalities and are efficient to provide higher performance, more output and extra working rather out-group people. This differentiation of eladers helps the leader to adopt different leadership strategies with these followers. This situation is m ostly seen in different organization. Therefore, it is advisable for the McDonald to adopt such behaviour in US but when working in China, such behaviour is not advisable as this work on equality and hypocrisy is what Chinese hates. Therefore, it is advisable for the McDonald to achieve the in-group and out-group strategy in US but working in china, the McDonald has to take care of their employees and must provide efficient relation with all employees. Path Goal Theory Robert House path goal theory in contingency model provides an efficient way for the leaders. According to this theory, the leader must provide efficient assistant to the followers so that they can achieve the goals according to the firm objectives. The leaders must lead the followers efficiently to keep them on the track for achieving the particular goals. According to Robert House, there are four different styles of leadership that a leader must adopt Directive leaders: the strategy states that the leaders should direct their followers efficiently so that their sub-ordinates and followers can achieve the specified goals. They should provide them efficient schedule and guidelines to accomplish their tasks Supportive leader: according to this, the leaders must be supportive for their followers so that they can be friendly enough to support them at their difficulties. Participative leader: the leaders should take suggestions from the followers and sub-ordinates so that they together can make a better decision. Achievement –oriented leaders: these are the leaders that provide challenges to their followers and expect from them that they can provide the high level performance to these tasks. According to Robert, environmental contingency factors and subordinates contingency factors affect on these four leadership styles. The leaders can adopt different leader’s styles among these four styles according to the environmental factors and subordinated factors. The leader can choose different strategies among these according to the situation. A leader must have these styles that can be changed with time and situation. This white paper suggest that the McDonald top management should also adopt this strategy in which different leadership styles can be adopted with time and situation while working in china and America. Leader participate model Philips Kotler (2003) argued that leader participate model describes that leader should participate in any problem and decision making when required. It is advisable that the leaders can provide a set of rules and followers should adopt these rules. While major problem solving and decision making must be given to the middle level and lower level managers. This is suitable for the top management. The top management of McDonald are advised that they can provide the set of rules but rest of decision making and problem solving authority should be given to the managers so that they can decide accordingly. It is noticed that leaders are some time irrelevant in aiming decision making. Moreover, in globalization of firm, the top management can not understand the situation at each step and at each region. Structural theory Peter Ferdinand Drucker (2007) stated that structural theory describe that what type of structure a firm must adopt while working at global level. Either too many hierarchies would be a better choice, or a flat organization. A simple organizational structure is better than a bureaucracy. Team working would a better choice or the centralized decision making would be the better choice. Weber describes that when a firm working at global level than the bureaucracy would be the better choice. In bureaucracy, division of labour clearly defines rules and regulations and impersonal relation ship is used to from a clear structure. Therefore, McDonald is advised to adopt the bureaucracy structural model when it seeks that the employees are not able and unwilling to do work. In such situation bureaucracy is the better choice. While working in China, it is preferable to adopt team working organizational structure in which the leadership strategy must be based on relation ship. Different teams should be made at each department and level that together work for the organization. A complete structure of the organization defines that how much power should be given to each employee, how the conflict will be solved and who will solve this, what will be the matrix of the organization. Conclusion McDonald while working in China must consider their ethics and values and most adopt the strategies that they usually used. The firm while working in UIS or china should adopt leadership strategise according to the region in which they are working. The more they are according to the employees expectations, the more they will gain the satisfaction. The above mentioned four leader’s styles must be adopted by their leaders in order to provide sufficient leaders qualities with change in time and situation. References Charles W.L. Hill, Gareth R, Jones (2003) â€Å"Strategic Management† 6th Edition Fred Luthans (2001) â€Å"Organizational Behavior† edition 9th Stephen P. Robbins (2001) â€Å"Organizational Behavior† edition 9th Peter Ferdinand Drucker (2007) â€Å"Management† 1st edition Philips Kotler (2003) â€Å"Marketing Management† Eleventh edition

Eyewitness Testimony In Children

Eyewitness Testimony In Children Memory is not reliable; memory can be altered and adjusted. Memory is stored in the brain just like files stored in a cabinet, you store it, save it and then later on retrieve and sometimes even alter and return it. In doing so that changes the original data that was first stored. Over time memory fades and becomes distorted, trauma and other events in life can cause the way we store memory to become faulty. So when focusing on eyewitnesses, sometimes our memory will not relay correct information due to different cues, questioning, and trauma and so forth, which makes eyewitness even harder to rely on. Although memory is highly unreliable and hence affects the validity of eyewitness it is still applied in the criminal justice system. Jurors are significantly inclined to believe and follow eyewitness evidence; this is quite unnerving because the criminal justice system, laboratory studies and field studies supports the conclusion that eyewitnesses regularly make errors. A vast amount of studies have found that eyewitness misidentifications are the most common cause of wrongful convictions and by using forensic DNA testing, they have found that this have accounted for more convictions of innocent persons than all other factors combined (Innocence Project, 2009; Wells, Memon, Penrod, 2006). Social scientists and members of the legal profession have turned their attention to whether they can rely on the ability of young children to provide accurate eyewitness testimony. They have focused on many cases relying on evidence provided by child witnesses, some of these cases are those of physical or sexual abuse. These have helped bring to the front issues relating to the accuracy and reliability of such eyewitness reports (Ceci Bruck, 1993). As a result there has been a related increase of scientific studies of childrens eyewitness competences, with results indicating that very young children perform significantly worse than younger adults. In line-up identification studies, young children perform at a similar level to young adults when the line-up presented contains the actual culprit but commit more false identifications when it does not (Pozzulo Lindsay, 1998). There are number of reasons behind why a child will provide more incorrect eyewitness information, some of these reason are: misleading suggestions by the interviewer, false memories, sexual or some other form of abuse, the presence of someone in authority such as uniform police, attention or lies. Many things may render the allegations made by children as unreliable. First, Researchers believe that children make the assumption that an adult would not provide the task if the target was not present, so when the children are presented with the line-up array it suggests to the children that the adult expects them to choose someone from the line-up. Therefore the children then will choose someone to avoid either disappointing the adult and at the same time avoiding to admit to uncertainty, or they may even choose someone that looks similar to the target they have seen before. They have also noted that young children may feel pressured to make identification regardless of whether the perpetrator is in fact recognised at all. According to (Davies 1996) the reason children turn towards choosing in identification line-ups is due to feeling pressured or being required to respond to questions regardless to the fact if the target is present or absent. This is also supported by the study by Pozzulo and Lindsay (1997), and they noted that due to the fact that adults are seen as an authority figure or a person to be respected and of status, children fail to realize that I do not know is an available option as a response and so they are less inclined to respond using I do not know and so may be less likely to use it in comparison with adults, whereas adults may not feel that pressure of having another adult present and will not feel that they have done something wrong by admitting that they are not certain of the target. As mentioned before it is acknowledged that there is a growing number of case studies evidently reveal that mistaken identifications made by child witnesses contribute to a failure to achieve justice. This can be seen in many examples such as, Gene Bibbins served 15 years of a life sentence after being convicted based primarily on a mistaken identification made by a 13-year-old victim; Jimmy Ray Bromgard served 14 years of a 40-year sentence based on a mistaken identification made by an 8-year-old victim; Danny Brown served 18 years of a life sentence after being convicted based on a mistaken identification made by a 6-year-old eyewitness; and Larry Youngblood served 9 years of a 10-year sentence based on a mistaken identification made by a 10-year-old victim. DNA evidence has afterwards proven the innocence of all these persons. So after seeing all these false identifications and wrongly accused persons it is unclear as to why the criminal justice system continues to rely on this me thod. Another reason why young childrens memory recall is unreliable is that they lack some sort of understanding of what information needs to be provided in response to questions that are open-ended (Saywitz Snyder, 1996). In the UK a huge number of line-up identifications involving children are carried out by police officers wearing uniform. Researchers carried out a study examining the possibility that wearing a uniform contributes an authority figure cue that affects a childs ability in some way to make accurate eyewitness identifications. They carried out a study where sixty participants aged 9-10 years old would witness a staged crime and were later on be asked to identify the criminal from a line-up. They used four conditions in order to do so, this was a two (2) (uniform: present vs. absent) ÃÆ'- two (2) (target: present vs. absent) design. They found that children in the uniform present conditions made significantly more choices than children in the uniform absent conditions. More significantly they found that in the presence of a uniform, children made more significant false identifications in target-absent line-ups. This therefore suggests that the children experienced uncertainty if the tar get was absent from the line-up and this may be because they were looking to some authority figure to somehow ensure them that the possibility of the burglar being present was high, but this uncertainty was not expressed when the line-up administrator wore a uniform because the that authority figure was present, leading to an increase in false identifications. It was also found that children feel that they are helping the police, and in the eyes of children this will be deemed as something highly important and so they will not want to disappoint them in any way. They also assume that the police may have already arrested the guilty persons and need some final confirmation to be able to convict them (informational influence; cf. Steblay, 1997). Therefore in some way they have relied on the police and believe that no mistake was made. The heightened levels of uncertainty and stress in the target-absent condition could be interpreted as that they may be failing to make a proper the identification as there was nobody who they may have been assisting such as the police or an adult and at the same time found no one who matched their memory of the target. Trying to appear knowledgeable they would then have lowered their identification threshold and therefore wrongly identify someone. Another point looked at on why children give false recollections can be looked at in terms of sexual abuse and the relation between stress and the childrens memory when asked to recall the traumatic event. First, it may be that children made false accusations from the beginning and was aware of it all along. If that was the case then this implies that they did not form false memories, unlike what many researchers would have claimed (Ceci Bruck, 1993). Instead, the children would have been lying to please the adults or may have even been trying to seek attention. It was found that where they may have promoted lies and not false memories the children who later on, as adults, withdrew their claims. So now inferences are important because these withdrawals of their claims would mean that childrens memory flexibility was not as great as were the adult social pressures applied to the children. There were however some of the children who still held to their original charges of child sexual abuse. As well, for those who may have indeed experienced a sexual or physical traumatizing event their memory may become terribly inaccurate from the stress they had experienced, stress causes a person to see things and recall them in many incorrect ways. Even if left to calm down for sometimes or some weeks the memory can be even more lost to the correct information, in that the child can suppress the memories and recall them in ways to make them feel better or to remove the guilt and pain caused by the event. Recent research by (Alexander et al., 2005; Widom Morris, 1997) points out that men are more likely than women to define certain acts of child sexual abuse as not abusive and have less accurate memories for child sexual abuse experiences, they usually make the ordeal less important than it really or distorting what happened Researchers assume that children may typically reveal sexual abuse to their mothers (Berliner Conte, 1995), and that the person who may be sexually abusing or abused the child may be known to the child (Finkelhor, 1984), and that because the crimes and abuses may not be reported promptly (Goodman et al., 1992; Goodman-Brown, Edelstein, Goodman, Jones, Gordon, 2003), it can be argued that mothers may have led the children to make a false report, or the children and/or mothers may have had concealed intentions for making the accusations, and that the childs memory may have been either distorted, trained, or become faded with time. It was that many prosecutors have reported that such defences are often used in child sexual abuse cases (Goodman, Quas, Bulkley, Shapiro, 1999). They argue that children do not always disclose abuse readily, may at times require some leading questions to tell accurately and completely what happened, which in doing so may bring about false reports as to wh at may have truly happened and also leading the children into thinking that it happened in the way that the questions were asked and they may even withdraw their claims even if they were true (Malloy, Quas Lyon, in press; Saywitz, Goodman, Nicholas, Moan, 1991; Summit, 1983). They have also found that it is more difficult to mislead children to report negative or events related to abuse than positive or events that is not related to abuse, but some children at times may even consent to false negative, personal experiences. It has been well-known that the younger the children, the more likely it is for them to report false information (Bruck Ceci, 1999; Howe, 2000). For instance, if after witnessing an event young children are given misinformation about it (e.g., Do you remember when the doctor gave you a candy?), their reports of the event would be more likely to include the (mis)information that the doctor gave them candy when, in fact, the doctor did not. Clinicians and researchers have observed that some very young children are capable of providing accurate reports of events with the use suggestive questioning, whereas some older children are not able to do so (Baxter, 1990; Bruck Ceci, 1999; Geddie, Fradin, Beer, 2000). In 2004 Bruck and Melnyk published a review of the literature on individual differences in suggestibility. Out of 69 studies they looked for evidence of relationships between three categories of possible predictors: one which is demographic (socioeconomic status and sex), secondly the other is Cognitive (intelligence, language, memory, theory of mind, executive functioning, distractibility, and creativity), and thirdly, Psycho-social (social engagement, self-concept/self-efficacy, stress/emotional arousal/state anxiety, maternal attachment styles, parent-child relationship, parenting styles, temperament, and mental health). No relationship with suggestibility for some variables could be found but for others, the results were inconsistent. The predictors which showed the potential appeared to be that of the parent-child relationship, language ability, creativity, self-concept/self-efficacy, and maternal romantic attachment. Children who were vulnerable to being impressionable were mor e creative and had less superior language skills (Clarke-Stewart et al., 2004), inferior self-concept or self efficacy (Davis Bottoms, 2002), less supportive relationships with parents, either fathers or mothers (Clarke-Stewart et al., 2004), and mothers who were attached in their romantic relationships in an insecure manner (Goodman, Quas, Batterman-Faunce, Riddlesberger, Kuhn, 1997; Quas et al., 1999). Different studies were done to test and improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony in children as well as correct memory recall. One of these tests is the Event Report Training (ERT), this is a training procedure intended to help the improvement of the memory recall of children and at the same time to reduce suggestibility. To test this efficiency of the training procedure they carried out a study. In the study fifty-eight (58) children took part in two forensically significant play events. After two weeks, the children received (ERT) or participated in control procedures, after that they were given a memory interview. The results pointed out that the Event Report Training procedure decreased suggestibility to questions related to abuse in preschoolers; their responses were greatly accurate and the difference in age was removed. (ERT) procedure did not raise the amount of information that preschoolers provided to open-ended questions. However, using the Event Report Training proced ure 32% more information was reported by 7 to 8-year-olds which included a 32% enhancement in actions, without an associated raise in wrong information. (John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 2009) Another focus on improving accuracy is a narrative style approach. A wide-ranging study to date of 3 Â ½ 9 year old children narrative development, it observed over a 1000 narratives, and used diverse techniques of analysis of narrative structure, (Peterson and McCabe 1983) acknowledged three common narrative styles in 4-year-old children. The most common being a leap frog pattern in which children jump from one particular feature to another, thereby excluding important aspects. An important aim of Event Report Training is to bring out intricate chronological narratives in preference to leap-frog narratives. Researchers have developed a number of structured interviews in order to achieve accurate memory reports from children in forensic situations. One of these interviews is The cognitive interview (CI) which relies on techniques to assist in retrieval and this consists of reporting everything, temporal recall and reverse order recall, context reinstatement and recall of the event from different viewpoints of the people involved in the event (Geiselman, Fisher, MacKinnon, Holland, 1985). Another structured interview procedure for children is Narrative Elaboration (NE), which relies on the grouping methods to improve the narratives of children. In this, researchers first teach the children how to recall an event by organizing information into specific categories, they then instruct children about the appropriate information that is involved in complete recall of that particular category (Camparo, Wagner, Saywitz, 2001; Saywitz Synder, 1996; Saywitz, Snyder Lamphear, 1996). Afterwards, the children are given cue cards to remind them to explain each group. A third procedure developed by researchers at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD; Lamb, Sternberg, Esplin, Hershkowitz, Orbach, 2000) was to improve the childrens event reports while at the same time fortifying the forensic investigators interviewing skills. The NICHD protocol lets the child of interview rules which they are allowed to say I do not know. This procedure builds an understanding and supplies the children with practice in describing recent events and separating precise instances of an event recurring. In addition, the procedure uses related cueing whereby after a child-generated material is given the interviewer then asks specific questions. It was found in two investigations that 8 to 10 years old children showed a significant decline in the false response to misleading questions after being interviewed using the Cognitive interview (Memon, Holley, Wark, Bull, Kohnken, 1996; Milne Bull, 2003). In general, the evidence from previous research that children are more likely to choose from a line-up is relatively strong, although the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Children may be more vulnerable to any perceived social and environmental demands to choose, or they may have a less sophisticated understanding of the purposes of an identification test and the potential consequences of their decision (Brewer, Weber, Semmler, 2005). In any case, studies have shown that these difficulties are exacerbated in the presence of a uniform line-up administrator. As well, leading questions are problematic because it can cause the children to rely on the adults for information or may think that by the way the question was phrased they expect a particular answer. It is hence, important that such methods are limited in order to improve the accuracy of child eyewitnesses and increase confidence that the identifications made are correct.

Suicide :: essays research papers

Suicide is intentional self-inflicted acts that end in death("Suicide," Compton's). After a series of traumatic events, normal coping abilities can be pushed over the edge; the result may be suicide. In each year, an average of 30,000 suicide deaths occur in the United States. It is estimated that 5,000 of those suicides are committed by teenagers(SAVE, 2). One major reason that the suicide rate among teenagers is so high, is that the teenage years are a period of commotion. New social roles are being learned, new relationships are being developed, bodily changes are occurring, and decisions about the future are being made during the teenage years. Teenagers tend to commit suicide after large changes, significant losses, or abuse has occurred in their lives. An important change in a relationship, school or body image may contribute to a teenagers' tendency to commit suicide. The death of a loved one, the loss of a valued relationship, and the loss of self esteem are some significant losses which might be a factor in teen suicide("The Real World [Suicide: Facts]," 1). Perceived abuse such as physical, emotional, psychological, sexual, social abuse or neglect can lead to self-murder("Teen Suicide," 3). Significant changes, losses, and abuse can promote suicidal tendencies. Few suicidal people have some type of depression, yet those who have one can be provoked to commit suicide. There are two main types of depression suffered by (, 2) suicidal people("Suicide," {Grolier}). The first type is reactive depression. This type of depression is the reaction of a difficult and often traumatic experience. Endogenous depression is the second type of depression. It is the result of a mental illness which is diagnosable by a professional. Some suicidal people have a combination of both reactive depression and endogenous depression. Others could have a depression which is undiagnosed. A persistent sad mood, thoughts of suicide, persistent physical pains that do not respond to treatment, difficulty concentrating, irritability and fatigue are some symptoms of depression(American Psychiatric Association, 4). If a person has four or more of the symptoms lasting for more than two weeks, that person could have a type of depression. Those people with mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and clinical depression have much higher suicide rates than average(Tom Arsenault, 2). Teenagers display warning signs of suicide. The indications come in two ways. First exhibited are the early warning signs. These signs include difficulties in school, depression, drug abuse, sleep and eating disturbances, and a loss of interest in activities. Restlessness, feelings of failure, overreaction to criticism, overly self-critical, anger, and a preoccupation with death or Satan are also some signals teenagers contemplating suicide will give("Teen Suicide," (, 3) 3). The other type of clues are late warning signs.

OVERVIEW OF LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE :: essays research papers

27 Jan 2002 OVERVIEW OF LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE Intelligence collecting and analyzing have been around since even Biblical times and is often referred to as the second oldest profession. Since the early 1900s, law enforcement officials have begun to utilize the value of the intelligence collection methods. One of the first well-known uses of intelligence by law enforcement was during the â€Å"Black Hand† investigations, which lasted from 1905 to 1909. The investigations resulted in the deportation of 500 people and arrest of thousands of others. In the 1920s and 1930s, intelligence was used to collect information on citizens thought to be anarchists and mobsters, and by the 1940s and 1950s; law enforcement agencies began to utilize intelligence methods in the fight against organized crime. By 1967, the President’s Commission on Organized Crime helped to develop the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organization (RICO). In 1986, the heads of five Mafia families were convicted of violating the RICO. Other types of activities that intelligence is used against are outlaw motorcycle gangs, Russian and Asian organized crime, and street gangs. Some of the duties that fall under the intelligence process for law enforcement are collection, evaluation, integration, and dissemination. Intelligence analysts can assist in investigation or prosecution as well. One of the main problems that analysts seem to be having in the law enforcement field is first getting into the job and then, once they are working, making it up to the higher-level management positions. Many have confused information with intelligence. Information is only raw data, while intelligence is a process of changing this raw data into useable information in order to draw conclusions about unknown events in the past, present, or future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The different types of intelligence collection and analyzing methods are termed â€Å"disciplines†. There are five different types of disciplines: Imagery Intelligence (IMINT), Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), Measures and Signals Intelligence (MASINT), Human Intelligence (HUMINT), and Open Source Intelligence (OSINT). These five disciplines are what compiles the raw information data that intelligence analysts use to draw conclusions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IMINT is the method of using pictures to draw information. The pictures can be taken as electro-optical, infrared, radar, or multi-spectral. The greatest advantage is that a picture can speak a thousand words. A disadvantage is that a picture is a moment frozen in time, and the information may change after the snapshot is taken.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SIGINT is the method of taking information from transmissions. Within SIGINT there are three categories as well: Communications Intelligence (COMINT), Telemetry Intelligence (TELINT), and Electronic Intelligence (ELINT).

Hip Hop Essay

Music has been around since the beginning of civilization. Music was used to tell myths, religious stories, and warrior tales. Since the beginning of civilization music has greatly progressed. Music still tells a story, we know just have many genres to satisfy the cultural and social tastes of our modern society. Hip Hop is a genre of music that has significantly grown the last couple of decades. It’s increased popularity has brought it to the forefront of globalization. Technological advances has made it easy for Hip Hop to spread out globally. This occurrence of globalization is a key example that as our cultural borders are broken down by technology, our own cultural and social practices become fluid. Although there are many positive and negative comments about the globalization of Hip Hop, it is a reflection of the growing phenomenon occurring all over the world. Hip hop originated in the South Bronx of New York City in the 1970s. The term rap is often used synonymously with hip hop, but hip hop can also be described as an entire subculture (â€Å"Hip Hop†, 2004). The term Hip Hop is said to have come from a joke between Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, and their friends (â€Å"Hip Hop†, 2004). Although Hip Hop was created on American soil, it’s influences are global. It can be said that Hip Hop might be a result of ethnic globalization. Hip Hop has roots in African, Caribbean, and Latino culture (â€Å"Hip Hop Globalization and Youth Culture†, 2005). Spoken word, which is still popular today is also an influence in Hip Hop music and culture. Spoken word is a style of poetry spoken in a rhythmic fashion. Hip Hop ranges from rap music, to B-boy dance. It was a platform to empower ethnic youth without violence. Hip Hop in the beginning was essentially still an underground subculture. It was popular with many ethnic communities but it was not popular in the mainstream music industry. This all changed with the band Blondie and their song â€Å"Rapture†. â€Å"Rapture† is one of the first rap song’s to reach the top of the charts in mainstream pop music. Although Blondie is a punk/rock band, they were the proper catalyst to give Hip Hop the mainstream attention it deserved. Hip Hop has changed since it’s birth in the 1970’s. Hip Hop is now apart of the mainstream music scene. It is not uncommon to see artist from different genres collaborating with Hip Hop artists. It is also not uncommon to see Hip Hop music and culture in movies, television shows, and commercials. In the past you would only see people from ethnic communities wearing Hip Hop clothing, now all races including Asian, Caucasian, etc have accepted the Hip Hop style. The subject matter has also changed. In the past Hip Hop lyrics focused on political and societal frustrations, now Hip Hop lyrics steer more toward provocative content. Hip Hop subject matter consists mostly of the aspirations of wealth, sex, drug use, and criminal activity. During the beginning years the age of the Hip Hop listener was wide spread. It ranged from teens to even adults in their 50’s. Although Hip Hop still has an adult audience, it is now more geared toward younger audiences. Younger listeners are more likely to purchase Hip Hop music and paraphernalia, than the older audience. As Blondie helped Hip Hop garner increased exposure in the United States, The internet and other advancements in technology helped Hip Hop gain global exposure. Technological changes in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first have enabled access to the social spaces previously bounded by time and geographic borders; a process identified by John Thompson as mediazation—a flow of images across time and space (â€Å"Hip Hop Globalization and Youth Culture†, 2005). The internet has created a world without barriers and borders. The internet helps connect people from Hong Kong, to people in Bellevue, Washington. Without the internet we would not have social networking. Social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace, exposes us to different ideas, cultures, and music. MySpace is the leading social networking site when it comes to music. MySpace allows musicians from all over the globe to share their music with a diverse audience. User can find international music that they would not have been exposed to if MySpace was not created. Because of these connections to international music outlets Hip Hop has been able to spread to many countries. Many Countries have acquired Hip Hop into their own music scene. Many of these countries have mixed Hip Hop with their own popular music to form a new kind of Hip Hop. As more music driven social networking sites are created blending of different music cultures will be the norm. Japan has been one of the top countries for globalization of music. You can find reggae, dance hall, death metal, or Hip Hop blaring from clubs. Hip Hop has been the most popular type of music to globalize into the Japanese music market. Japan was introduced to hip hop in the fall of 1983 in the movie Wild Style (â€Å"Japanese Hip Hop, 2010). This movie created an underground buzz. Soon Hip Hop in Japan began to be embraced by the Japanese youth. They ere inspired by the popular B-boy style of the western Hip Hop Culture. In the 21st Hip Hop’s popularity has become mainstream. Young Japanese listeners have also adopt the dress culture as well, wearing baggy clothes, and backward caps. Because Hip Hop in America focuses on the hard life living in the ghetto, some think that Japanese Hip Hop is not authentic. With a lack of ghettos, Japanese youth consider hip hop to be more about fashion–baggy jeans, medallions, dread locks. Actual Japanese rap lyrics have a tendency to refer to mundane subjects such as food, cell phones, and shopping (â€Å"Japanese Hip Hop†, 2010). The Japanese subculture of â€Å"blackfacers† may also challenge Japanese Hip Hop authenticity. The Japanese pop group, the Gosperats, has been known to wear black face makeup during performances (â€Å"Japanese Hip Hop, 2010). This example of imitation will most likely not be embraced by western â€Å"Hip Hop Heads† (Avid Hip Hop Listeners). Many would think that instead of taking Hip Hop into their own hands and constructing something different and new for the genre, they just ride on the backs of western Hip Hop creativity. Brazil is another country that has adopted Hip Hop culture into their own culture. Brazilian Hip Hop was born in the barrios (ghettos) of Brazil. The Brazilian youth were drawn to the western Hip Hop culture. Hip Hop gave them a platform to voice the political and economic turmoil of living in the barrio. To escape their impoverished lives, break dancers, DJs, graffiti artists, and rappers would meet at the Largo de Sao Bento and in the center of Sao Paulo on weekends, where Brazilian rap’s distinctive sound (often incorporating roots, samba, and reggae) and lyrics began to be developed (â€Å"Popular Music†, 2005). This integration of Hip Hop and Brazilian based music birthed Baile Funk. Baile Funk can be described as Hip Hop as it might sound in the post-apocalyptic wasteland of Mad Max (Edlund, 2005). This wild sound of Baile Funk screams the pain of the Brazilian slums. Brazilian Hip Hop has garnered much respect world wide. It’s authentic sound, and unapologetic, infectious beats have inspired artist everywhere. Because the Brazilian youth choose to hybridize the Brazilian and hip hop sound, they are respected for their originality. Latin Hip Hop is significant because of the close proximity that Latino countries such as Mexico and Cuba are to America. Latino Hip Hop developed within the youth community. The Latino youth could relate to the hard life Hip Hop artist had in the ghetto. Many Latino Hip Hop acts were created by youth frustration in substandard living conditions. Because of the border between Mexico and the United States, Mexican Hip Hop was greatly influenced by western Hip Hop. The mixture of Spanish lyrics with American ones created a â€Å"Spanglish† sound. Control Machete, founded in 1995, is most accurately classified as hip-hop, blended with the distinctive sounds of traditional Mexican guitar harmonies and the rhythms of danzon (â€Å"Popular Music†, 2005). This mix was used to target the Mexican youth to seek change of political and social problems amongst the Mexican community. These Mexican Hip Hop bands have also garnered a substantial following in the United States; because of the close proximity to the U. S. music flowing in both directions increase the influence of the Mexican music scene (â€Å"Popular Music†, 2005). Cuba is another Latin country affected by Hip Hop music. Even though trade and travel between the United States and Cuba is restricted ,Hip Hop has still been able to influence their music. Cuban citizens were suppressed in many ways including free speech in journalism. Music was the only outlet to air political, economic, and social grievances. Songs about prostitution, street life, poverty, domestic violence, obsession with money, class differences, and the lack of spiritual and ethical values abound, and their biting, poetic criticism is a refreshing antidote to the island’s lifeless press (â€Å"Cuban Hip Hop†, 2008). Lastly, Europe has not been able to dodge the influence of Hip Hop culture. The British Hip Hop scene is still forming an audience in the United States, while it has wide spread popularity in it’s native U. K. British grime is the fusion of cockney slang with hard beats, and Hip Hop flavor. The style grew out of London’s mostly black projects, called council estates, sometime around 2002, and spread via pirate radio, which functions in Britain essentially as mix tapes do here (Edlund, 2005). French Hip Hop is also alive in Europe. This is an incredible feat because French culture is usually very resistant to American influences. Although French Hip Hop is mainstream in Europe, it has not garnered much success in the states. Throughout the past twenty years, the French hip-hop community has cultivated its own style and sensibilities while staying closely connected to American artists via music videos, concerts, radio, and other media (Hip Hop Music and Culture, 2005). There are many questions about the true authenticity of these forms of Hip Hop. With the exception of the Japanese Hip Hop Movement, it can be said with confidence that authenticity has been achieved. While the Japanese Hip Hop movement stays true to the old school rap values and mentality, it does not go further than that. It does not seek to mix cultural influences with it’s music like the other countries. The European, Latino, and Brazilian Hip Hop movement have all mixed their culture, old and new to build something that is truly their own. By adding each countries unique social, economic, and political turmoil, each international Hip Hop genre speaks a song of oppression, pain, and hope for the future that their own culture can relate to and value. Besides the Japanese Hip Hop community all other Hip Hop communities chose to hybridize their cultures with Hip Hop. The Japanese Hip Hop culture sought to homogenize itself. They seem to be more focus on imitating American Hip Hop life instead of building their own experiences. The adaptation of Hip Hop internationally is not really different in each country. Although there problems may be different, they have the common denominator of being powered by the youth. Each Culture’s youth has grabbed hold of the Western Hip Hop ideals to create their own individuality in their own country. Also, Hip Hop seems to flourish is poor societies. These artist have more heart felt words to speak and genuine creativity because when you are brought up in such poor societal conditions that is sometimes all you have to hold on to. Hip Hop proves to be the voice of the people that may not be able to speak for themselves in conventional ways. Globalization has allowed many people who would not have the means to speak up, to be able to take center stage. Many believe that globalization will be the end of individuality and creativity. This has been a theory that seems to fail when put up against Hip Hop globalization. Hip Hop Globalization has proven to hybridize communities and music,that in the end forms something that has never been seen before. Globalization may prove that instead of making the world â€Å"flat†, it will create new mountains and craters of creativity that were never imagined.